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🏗 WEEKLY INSIGHT #9 · GRID · GLOBAL 27 June
The Global Grid Investment Wave: Why the Network Is Now the Binding Constraint
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The World Electricity Ecosystem: A $4.6 Trillion Market and the Fleet That Supplies It
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Flagship dataset

The World Electricity Ecosystem, 2025–2050

How big is the world's electricity ecosystem in money, and what share of GDP does it represent? We size the annual electricity spend of 15 economies — ten emerging markets plus China, the United States, the EU-27, the OECD and the world — and set it against the power fleet that has to triple by 2050. The method is calibrated to Türkiye's published figure and applied consistently across every economy.

≈ $4.6T
World electricity ecosystem per year (consumption × all-in retail price)
≈ 3.9%
of world GDP ($117T, IMF WEO)
× 2.9
installed capacity growth to 2050 (10,425 → 30,000 GW)
80%
renewables share of capacity by 2050 (28% in 2013)
Bar chart: electricity ecosystem as a share of GDP in 2025 for 15 economies, from South Africa and Vietnam at about 6.5% down to Nigeria and Indonesia near 1.6%, with the world at about 3.9%.
Electricity ecosystem (annual spend) as a share of GDP, 2025 — calibrated to Türkiye's published figure and applied to every economy.
Stacked bar chart: world installed power capacity by source from 2013 to 2050, rising from 5,520 GW to 30,000 GW as solar and wind expand and the renewables share climbs from 28% to 80%.
World installed power capacity by source, 2013–2050 (actual to 2025, then an IEA net-zero-aligned trajectory).

Ecosystem value = gross electricity consumption × all-in average retail price (a retail-spend proxy anchored to Türkiye's 39.4 bn USD / ~2.5% of GDP). Aggregates (World, OECD, EU-27) overlap individual countries and are not additive. Electricity-intensive economies with smaller nominal GDP (South Africa, Vietnam) therefore sit highest in the ranking. 2035–2050 capacity follows national plans and IEA scenarios; figures beyond 2035 are indicative. Derived by UzEnergyNews from IEA, IRENA, Ember, IMF WEO, EIA, Eurostat and national plans — a derived compilation, not a re-hosted database.

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WEEKLY INSIGHT #11 · WATER-ENERGY · GLOBAL 8 July 2026 · 12 min read · EN/TR · Global

Water Is the Real Grid: The Unpriced Input That Quietly Governs the World's Power System

Electricity systems are planned around fuel, capital and megawatts, yet a single physical input constrains all of them at once. Water sits inside generation, cooling, digital infrastructure and the new fuels of the transition, and it is priced almost nowhere. This is the structural case for reading the global power system as a water system.

Every serious conversation about the energy transition is conducted in the language of electrons: gigawatts of capacity, terawatt-hours of demand, the cost of capital behind a project, the fuel mix behind a grid. That language is not wrong, but it is incomplete. Beneath the electron sits a physical input that no market prices consistently and that every part of the system depends on at the same time. Water generates electricity directly, cools the plants that generate the rest, sustains the data centres now consuming a fast-growing share of demand, and is embedded in the hydrogen and critical minerals meant to carry decarbonisation. When water becomes scarce, hot or contested, each of these functions degrades simultaneously. The proposition of this analysis is deliberately structural rather than seasonal: the global power system is, in a precise physical sense, a water system, and it is being managed as though water were free and unlimited.

Channel one: generation still runs on rivers

Hydropower remains the single largest source of low-carbon electricity in the world. The International Hydropower Association reports that hydro supplied 14.3 percent of global power, with generation rising roughly 10 percent in 2024 to 4,578 terawatt-hours as output recovered from a drought-driven trough; earlier IEA framing placed hydro nearer 17 percent of global electricity in 2020. Pumped-storage hydropower now exceeds 200 gigawatts of capacity, functioning as the world's largest fleet of grid-scale storage, a water battery that absorbs surplus generation and releases it on demand. A system this dependent on flowing water is a system exposed to the hydrological cycle, and 2023 demonstrated the exposure in full. The IEA's Electricity 2024 report documented a synchronous global hydro drought in which Canada, China, India, Türkiye, the United States and others experienced simultaneous shortfalls, pushing the global hydro capacity factor below 40 percent, its weakest level in three decades. The immediate consequence was not a gap in supply but a return to coal and gas to fill it, converting a water shortage directly into higher emissions.

Channel two: cooling turns heat into a water constraint

The larger and less visible dependency lies in thermal and nuclear generation, where water is the medium that carries away waste heat. In the United States, the USGS Circular 1441 assessment found that thermoelectric power accounts for roughly 41 percent of national water withdrawals, the single largest category. That water is not merely consumed; its availability and temperature determine how much a plant can produce. When rivers run low or warm, discharge limits and reduced thermal efficiency force plants to cut output precisely when demand for cooling peaks. The academic literature has quantified this derating with unusual clarity. Van Vliet and colleagues, writing in Nature Climate Change in 2012, projected summer generating-capacity reductions of 6.3 to 19 percent in Europe and 4.4 to 16 percent in the United States over 2031 to 2060. A later 2016 assessment, modelling more than twenty thousand plants worldwide, found that over 60 percent of the world's power plants could face reduced output between 2040 and 2069. The technology-specific water factors compiled by Macknick and colleagues in 2012 remain the standard basis for these calculations, translating each generating technology into cubic metres per megawatt-hour.

Channel three: the digital load arrives thirsty

A new and rapidly scaling demand centre has entered the same water balance. The IEA's Energy and AI analysis estimates that data-centre electricity consumption stood at around 415 terawatt-hours in 2024 and could reach roughly 945 terawatt-hours by 2030, a trajectory driven substantially by artificial intelligence. That electricity carries an embedded water cost through the power plants that supply it, and a direct one through on-site cooling. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's 2024 data-centre report quantified both: direct cooling water for United States data centres of approximately 66 billion litres in 2023, alongside indirect water use of around 800 billion litres tied to the electricity they consumed. At the level of individual workloads, the figures are equally concrete. The analysis by Li and colleagues estimated that training a model of GPT-3's scale consumed on the order of 700,000 litres of freshwater, and projected that global AI could withdraw 4.2 to 6.6 billion cubic metres of water by 2027. The significance is not the absolute volume, which remains modest against agriculture, but the location: this demand is being sited for latency, land and power, rarely for water availability, and increasingly in regions already under stress.

Channel four: the new fuels inherit an old scarcity

The fuels and materials intended to decarbonise the system carry their own water intensity, which is frequently omitted from transition planning. Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysis, and the work of Beswick and colleagues establishes that each kilogram of hydrogen requires around 9 litres of purified water as a direct input, with substantially more consumed in the purification stage that feeds it. Against an electrolyser fleet the IEA records growing from 1.4 gigawatts installed in 2023 toward roughly 520 gigawatts of announced capacity by 2030, the aggregate water requirement becomes a siting constraint rather than a rounding error. The mineral side is comparable. Lithium extraction in the Atacama, assessed by Marinova and colleagues, carries a water footprint of around 442 cubic-metre-equivalents per tonne, drawn from one of the most water-stressed basins on the planet, and the IEA's critical-minerals work notes that more than half of global lithium and copper production is located in areas of high water stress. The transition, in other words, does not escape the water constraint; in several respects it concentrates it, placing the highest water demands in precisely the places least able to meet them.

The geopolitical layer: shared rivers and mega-dams

These four channels operate within a scarcity that is already acute and increasingly bounded by borders. Mekonnen and Hoekstra estimate that roughly 4 billion people face severe water scarcity for at least one month a year, and the World Resources Institute's 2023 analysis identifies 25 countries living under extremely high water stress. Where the resource crosses a frontier, energy infrastructure becomes an instrument of state. The 2024 UN World Water Development Report notes that about 40 percent of the world's population lives in transboundary basins, yet only around one in five countries has a cooperation agreement covering shared waters. The single global framework, the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention, rests on two principles in permanent tension: equitable and reasonable use, and the obligation not to cause significant harm. A dam built upstream to generate power is, from downstream, a decision about water security taken by another state. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile, the cascade of dams on the Mekong, the Indus system and the Euphrates-Tigris are the defining cases, and the scholarship of Zeitoun and Warner explains why outcomes on shared rivers are shaped less by law than by asymmetries of power. The most recent peer-reviewed work, by AghaKouchak and colleagues, projects elevated conflict risk in roughly 40 percent of transboundary basins over 2041 to 2050. Türkiye, Central Asia and Pakistan appear here not as the boundary of the story but as instances of a global pattern.

The reverse current, and why this matters for emerging markets

The dependency runs in both directions. Sanders and Webber found that roughly 12.6 percent of United States primary energy is embedded in the movement, treatment and heating of water, so that water constrains energy and energy constrains water in a single closed loop. Desalination illustrates the trade at its sharpest: the global fleet assessed by Jones and colleagues comprises 15,906 facilities producing around 95 million cubic metres per day, with energy the principal barrier to scaling it. For emerging and fast-growing power markets the implication is direct and unforgiving. These are the systems adding hydropower, thermal capacity and, increasingly, data-centre and industrial load fastest, and they are disproportionately located in water-stressed and transboundary settings where the margin for error is thinnest. A capacity plan that models fuel and finance but treats water as an unpriced constant is not a conservative plan; it is an incomplete one. The strategic conclusion of this analysis, and the premise of the water-energy column it opens, is that water risk belongs inside the core of energy planning rather than in an environmental appendix. The real grid has always been the water beneath it.

Sources cited in-text: IHA World Hydropower Outlook 2025; IEA Electricity 2024, Energy and AI, Global Hydrogen Review, and critical-minerals work; USGS Circular 1441; van Vliet et al. (2012, 2016); Macknick et al. (2012); LBNL 2024 Data Center Energy Report; Li et al. (2023); Beswick et al. (2021); Marinova et al. (2024); Mekonnen & Hoekstra (2016); WRI (2023); UN World Water Development Report 2024; UN Watercourses Convention (1997); Zeitoun & Warner (2006); AghaKouchak et al. (2026); Sanders & Webber (2012); Jones et al. (2019). Figures are cited from institutional sources; copyrighted charts and tables are not reproduced. Analysis by UzEnergyNews. This Weekly Insight opens the UzEnergyNews water-energy column.

WEEKLY INSIGHT #10 · RELIABILITY · GLOBAL 4 July 2026 · 11 min read · EN/TR · Global

Grids Under Summer Stress: How the 2026 Heat Season Became a Live Test of the Network

Last week this column argued that the grid has become the binding constraint on the energy transition, and that the constraint is fundamentally one of investment. This week the same constraint shows its near-term face, which is reliability. Across the Northern Hemisphere the summer of 2026 has turned the network into a live stress test: intensifying heatwaves are lifting demand for cooling at the same moment that heat reduces the capacity of thermal plants, transmission lines and hydropower to supply it. The result is a narrowing reserve margin and a succession of emergency interventions. This analysis reads the 2026 season as a system-level event, sets out the mechanism by which heat compresses supply and inflates demand at once, and explains why storage, demand response and interconnection are becoming the shock absorbers of a grid built for a cooler, lower-demand age.

The thesis: the constraint operates now, through reliability

The investment gap described in Weekly Insight #9 is a structural fact that resolves over a decade. Its operational consequence, however, is felt every summer. A network sized and configured for the load curve of an earlier, cooler era is now being asked to carry a peak that is both higher and differently shaped. Three forces are converging on the same hours of the same days: intensifying heatwaves, a structural rise in cooling and other new demand, and a grid whose margin of spare capacity has been eroded by a decade in which generation investment outran network investment. Where those three forces meet, the outcome is not an abstract financing shortfall but a concrete reliability question, answered in real time by grid operators through emergency orders, curtailments and appeals for restraint.

The 2026 summer is the clearest demonstration of this to date. It is useful precisely because it is not a forecast. It is an observed event, unfolding across several of the world's largest power systems at once, and it allows the reserve-margin logic to be read directly from the record rather than from a model.

1. The United States: PJM and a record peak

PJM Interconnection, the largest power system in the United States, serving some 65 million people across thirteen states, entered the first days of July 2026 forecasting a demand of 166,147 MW — a level that would exceed its all-time summer record of 165,563 MW, set during the heat wave of 2006 and unbroken for twenty years. In response, the United States Department of Energy issued two emergency orders, effective from 30 June through 3 July, that authorised measures a grid operator does not take lightly.

  • A Generation Dispatch Order directed PJM to run specified units at maximum output and granted temporary relief from environmental permit limits on sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other emissions.
  • A Backup Generation Order authorised PJM to direct the curtailment of data centres and other large consumers with at least 50 MW of peak load, requiring them to switch to their own backup generation within fifteen minutes of an emergency signal.
  • Operationally, PJM issued a Maximum Generation Alert (defer maintenance, cancel testing, bring all capacity online), a Load Management Alert and a Low Voltage Alert.

The detail that matters most is the curtailment of data centres. In PJM's territory, which includes the vast data-centre cluster of Northern Virginia, the fastest-growing source of new demand has become, in the same season, one of the first resources called upon to reduce it. That is the reliability constraint made visible: a grid that must actively manage its largest new loads to hold the system together on the hottest afternoons.

2. Europe: when heat cuts supply as it lifts demand

Europe's June–July 2026 heatwave illustrated the second half of the mechanism — the way in which the same heat that raises demand simultaneously reduces the system's ability to supply it. Several effects arrived together.

  • Thermal derating. Warm river water is less able to cool thermal plants. In France, unit two of the Golfech nuclear station shut down late on 22 June when the river used for cooling grew too hot, with other reactors ramped down or constrained through the week. In the United Kingdom, five gas plants reported output reductions that together removed about 2.5 GW from supply.
  • Cooling demand at a multi-decade high. Cooling demand across the continent reached its highest level in at least forty-five years. Air-conditioning, historically installed in only about a fifth of European homes, is spreading quickly; the number of UK homes using it has roughly doubled since 2022.
  • Prices at the extreme. On 24 June, Belgium set a price record above €1 per kWh at sunset, as conventional plants ran flat out and solar output faded into the evening cooling peak.

The evening detail is the important one. Cooling demand peaks late in the day, as heat accumulates and solar generation declines, so the system is most stressed at precisely the hour when its largest zero-fuel resource withdraws. This is the shape of the modern summer peak, and it is the shape a grid designed around a winter-heating peak was never built to serve.

3. Türkiye: summer is now the peak

Türkiye is the clearest case within our own coverage of a structural shift from a winter to a summer system, and it carries the reliability logic directly into the Eurasian corridor. Since 2008, the country's highest hourly electricity consumption has occurred in summer rather than winter, driven by the spread of air-conditioning under rising average temperatures.

IndicatorFigureNote
Record hourly demand> 59 GWh (28 July 2025)18% of it driven by cooling
Cooling electricity use, 202410 TWh (+19% on 2023)vs. 2.8% overall demand growth
Cooling growth rate, 2022–202412% a yearfour times the overall rate
Winter–summer peak gapup 12-fold since 2008now exceeds 9 GWh
Sensitivity to heat~0.77 GW per 1°Caverage additional capacity need
Cooling use by 2030could double to 20 TWhpeak demand up ~50% by 2035

The single figure that captures the reliability problem is the sensitivity: each additional degree of temperature translates, on average, into a need for about 0.77 GW of additional generating capacity. A grid whose peak is set by the weather, and whose weather is warming, faces a reserve-margin question that recurs and intensifies every summer. The near-doubling of cooling demand projected by 2030, and the roughly 50 percent rise in peak demand possible by 2035, define the scale of the network response required.

4. Central Asia: an ageing grid meets a hotter summer

The emerging-market dimension is where the stress is most acute, because it compounds a hotter summer with a weaker network. Much of Central Asia's transmission and distribution infrastructure dates from the Soviet era and has passed its useful life, and the region already runs close to balance. Kazakhstan closed 2025 with generation of about 123.1 billion kWh against consumption of about 124.6 billion kWh — a deficit of more than one billion kWh, covered by imports. A system operating at that margin has little tolerance for a summer demand spike layered on top of the region's better-known winter difficulties, and the underlying condition of the network limits how quickly new supply can be connected to relieve it. The same reserve-margin logic that produces emergency orders in the United States produces, in an under-invested system, a harder and more persistent constraint.

5. The shock absorbers: storage, demand response and interconnection

The response to summer stress is not only more generation; it is a set of resources that reshape the peak itself. Three are becoming decisive.

  • Battery storage. Storage shifts midday solar into the evening cooling peak — the exact hours when the system is tightest. Global energy-storage capacity reached about 275 GWh in 2025, up roughly 61 percent on the previous year, with more than 350 GWh expected to be added in 2026. California alone now holds more than 17,000 MW of battery capacity and has not called a grid emergency in three summers despite record heat — a direct demonstration of storage as a reliability resource.
  • Demand response. The PJM order is itself a demand-response mechanism: large loads paid or directed to reduce consumption at the peak. Formalised through virtual power plants and reliability reserves, demand response converts the largest consumers from a source of stress into a source of flexibility.
  • Interconnection. A wider network shares reserves across regions whose peaks do not coincide. This is the operational case for the projects covered elsewhere on this platform — the Central Asian common electricity market and the Trans-Caspian corridor — which turn isolated, tightly balanced systems into a pooled one with more margin.

Each of these is the operating-side counterpart to the investment described in Weekly Insight #9. The network must not only be built; it must be built to bend under a peak that is rising and changing shape.

What this means for operators, investors and regulators

For operators. The reserve margin is no longer a static planning number but a variable managed in real time. The tools that matter most — storage dispatch, demand-response contracts, cross-border imports — are increasingly the ones that address the evening cooling peak specifically, not average annual load.

For investors. The summer peak defines where the returns are. Assets that deliver energy or flexibility into the late-afternoon and evening window — batteries, dispatchable capacity, interconnectors — carry a value that a flat annual price does not capture. The IEA's judgement that the next five years will add roughly 50 percent more electricity demand per year than the past decade, with cooling among the central drivers and most of the growth in emerging economies, is the demand-side case for that investment.

For regulators. Reliability standards, capacity mechanisms and tariff structures written for a winter-peaking, lower-demand system require revision for a summer-peaking, cooling-driven one. The emergency orders of 2026 are a signal that the ordinary tools are being stretched to their limits.

The bottom line. The 2026 heat season is a live test of a grid built for a cooler, lower-demand age. Heat lifts demand for cooling while it derates the plants, lines and reservoirs meant to meet that demand, and the reserve margin narrows at exactly the wrong moment. The near-term face of the grid constraint is therefore reliability, not finance — though the two are the same constraint seen over different horizons. Storage, demand response and interconnection are the instruments that absorb the shock, and the systems that deploy them fastest, from PJM to Türkiye to the ageing networks of Central Asia, will be the ones that pass the test the summer has set.

↩ Read Weekly Insight #9 — the grid investment wave behind this reliability story →

Sources: U.S. Department of Energy emergency orders (30 June–3 July 2026) and PJM Interconnection operational alerts (reported by US News, Utility Dive, The Hill). Europe: MIT Technology Review; Euronews; 2026 European heatwaves record. Türkiye: Ember (Solar and flexibility: Türkiye's rising cooling challenge, 2025) and CEEnergyNews. Central Asia: Caspian Policy Center; Times of Central Asia. System context: International Energy Agency, Electricity 2026. Storage: California Energy Commission; industry storage-capacity reporting 2025–2026. This Weekly Insight extends Weekly Insight #9 (The Global Grid Investment Wave) and the World Electricity Ecosystem 2025–2050 dataset (UzEnergyNews Open Data, CC BY 4.0). Figures reflect public sources as of early July 2026.

⬇ Explore the underlying dataset — World Electricity Ecosystem 2025–2050 (CC BY 4.0) →

WEEKLY INSIGHT #9 · GRID · GLOBAL 27 June 2026 · 10 min read · EN/TR · Global

The Global Grid Investment Wave: Why the Network Is Now the Binding Constraint

Generation investment has pulled decisively ahead of network investment, and the gap has turned the grid into the binding constraint on the energy transition. The world now invests roughly $400 billion a year in electricity networks, against close to $1 trillion in new generation, and the International Energy Agency judges that grid spending must approximately double to more than $600 billion a year by 2030 if the projected build-out is to be delivered. This Weekly Insight extends the network section of last week's World Electricity Ecosystem dataset, sets out where the investment is flowing today, and explains why the widest gap lies in the emerging economies — where the obstacle is the cost of capital and the state of the network rather than the willingness to build.

Generation has outrun the grid

Over the past decade the relationship between the two halves of the power system has inverted. Investment in new generation, led by solar and wind, has expanded rapidly, while investment in the networks that must carry that generation to consumers has remained broadly flat. According to the International Energy Agency's World Energy Investment 2025, the world now commits on the order of $1 trillion a year to new generation capacity, against approximately $400 billion a year to electricity grids — a ratio of roughly 2.5 to 1 in favour of generation. For a decade the network figure barely moved, even as the volume of capacity seeking connection multiplied.

The consequence of that imbalance is measurable. The Agency estimates that grid investment must approximately double, to more than $600 billion a year by 2030, simply to keep pace with the generation already planned and the electrification of transport, heating and industry now under way. The transition, in other words, is no longer constrained chiefly by the cost or availability of clean generation. It is constrained by the capacity of the network to absorb that generation and deliver it to demand.

This is the central observation that this Weekly Insight develops from the network section of last week's World Electricity Ecosystem dataset, which set out a generation fleet projected to nearly triple by 2050. A fleet of that scale cannot be connected by generation investment alone.

The evidence is the connection queue

The clearest evidence that the grid has become the binding constraint is the volume of completed and advanced-stage generation now waiting to connect. The International Energy Agency reports that around 1,500 GW of advanced renewable projects are held in grid connection queues worldwide — roughly twice the renewable capacity currently in operation — while the total queue, including earlier-stage projects, exceeds 3,000 GW. These are projects that have, in many cases, secured finance and land and cannot proceed because the network cannot yet accommodate them.

The waiting time has lengthened in step with the queue. The typical interval between a connection request and an operational connection rose from around three years in 2015 to five years in 2022, on the Agency's figures. The constraint is therefore not abstract. It is a queue of ready projects, measured in gigawatts and in years, that represents generation already financed but not yet able to reach the market.

For context, total clean-energy investment now runs at approximately $2.2 trillion a year, around twice the figure committed to fossil fuels. The clean build-out is not short of capital in aggregate. What it lacks, increasingly, is the network capacity to connect the plant that capital has already funded.

Where the investment is flowing

The investment that is being made is concentrated in a small number of large markets, and the pattern is instructive.

China is the clear leader. State Grid Corporation of China committed a record of approximately $89 billion to its networks in 2025, and together with China Southern Power Grid the national figure reached an estimated $95 billion to $100 billion for the year. The two operators have signalled combined spending of around $140 billion for 2026, and State Grid's five-year plan for 2026 to 2030 envisages approximately $574 billion of network investment, an increase of close to 40 percent on the preceding period.

The United States is the second large pole. On the Edison Electric Institute's figures, transmission and distribution investment ran at approximately $93 billion in 2024, while total sector capital expenditure — generation, networks and the rest — reached a record of around $208 billion in 2025, with more than $1.1 trillion projected across 2025 to 2029. The distinction matters: the $93 billion figure refers to networks specifically, the $208 billion to the sector as a whole.

The European Union has set its commitment through the Grids Package, which envisages €584 billion of network investment across 2020 to 2030 and €1.2 trillion across 2024 to 2040 — on the order of €65 billion to €71 billion a year. Among individual operators, Iberdrola commits approximately €12 billion a year to its networks, Enel approximately €11 billion and E.ON approximately €7 billion. These are the figures associated with systems that are, on the whole, adequately funded.

Region / operatorAnnual grid investmentYear / basis
World~$400 bn/yr (need: >$600 bn/yr by 2030)2024–25, IEA
China (State Grid + China Southern)~$95–100 bn/yr; ~$140 bn planned2025; 2026 plan
China — State Grid five-year plan~$574 bn total (≈ +40%)2026–2030
United States — transmission & distribution~$93 bn/yr2024, EEI
United States — total sector capex~$208 bn (record)2025, EEI
European Union (Grids Package)~€65–71 bn/yr2020–2040
Iberdrola (network capex)~€12 bn/yr2025
Enel (network capex)~€11 bn/yr2025
E.ON (network capex)~€7 bn/yr2025

The gap is widest in the emerging economies

The markets that are well funded are not, for the most part, the markets where demand is growing fastest. In much of the developing world the network is older, less efficient and persistently underfunded relative to the generation it is expected to carry. The contrast with the figures above is stark. Africa, for instance, requires investment of the order of $30 billion a year by 2030 to reach universal electricity access, yet its networks remain chronically under-resourced, with the result that new capacity cannot be connected at the pace that demand requires.

This is the same finding that anchors our flagship Emerging Energy Outlook 2026. The obstacle in these economies is not the willingness to build. Almost every country examined in that report maintains a renewables target and an electrification programme, and capital is available in aggregate at the global level. The constraint lies elsewhere, and it has two components that compound one another.

Why capital costs more where it is needed most

The first component is the cost of capital, and its effect is direct and measurable. Utility-scale solar in the advanced economies is financed at a weighted average cost of capital of approximately 4.7 to 6.4 percent. In markets such as Kenya and Senegal the equivalent figure is approximately 8.5 to 9 percent, and across the developing economies as a whole the cost of capital for generation runs at two to three times the advanced-economy level — reaching as much as four times for transmission and distribution assets. The country risk premium alone accounts for an estimated 60 to 90 percent of the cost of capital faced by African projects.

The mechanism deserves to be stated plainly, because it is often obscured. A higher cost of capital raises the delivered cost of every kilowatt-hour before a single unit of energy is produced, since a network or generation asset is overwhelmingly an upfront investment recovered over decades. Where finance is twice as expensive, the same physical project delivers electricity at a materially higher price, not because the equipment costs more but because the money does. This is why the investment gap cannot be closed by ambition or by tariff design alone. It is set, in large part, by the price at which an emerging market can borrow.

The second component is the condition of the grid itself, which compounds the first. The networks in the fastest-growing markets are precisely the networks least able to absorb new generation, so that even where finance is secured, the physical capacity to connect it may not exist. The rate at which the global fleet reaches its projected size will therefore be governed less by the decision to build than by the cost of finance and the state of the network.

Türkiye: an $80 billion commitment to the network

Türkiye offers a concrete and recent illustration of how a large emerging market is approaching the network question. Speaking in London on 24 June 2026 at the Türkiye Clean Energy Transition Investment Forum, the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, Alparslan Bayraktar, set out a plan for approximately $200 billion of total energy investment by 2035, of which $80 billion is allocated specifically to the transmission and distribution network. The network share — two-fifths of the total — is a direct expression of the priority described in this analysis.

The accompanying generation targets clarify the scale of what the network must carry. Türkiye's total installed capacity stands at approximately 126 GW today, of which renewable sources account for 62 percent, with a target of 70 percent by 2035. To reach that level the plan raises the combined solar and wind target to 120 GW, up from 38.6 GW today, including 5 GW of offshore wind for which a tender is expected this year, alongside a nuclear programme of at least 20 GW by 2050 — around 15 percent of the energy mix — on a path to net zero by 2053.

The network commitment is already in motion through the regulator. Under the fifth tariff period, the Energy Market Regulatory Authority has set a distribution investment ceiling of $18.5 billion for 2026 to 2030, equivalent to approximately 776 billion Turkish lira. Türkiye's $80 billion network commitment is therefore not an aspiration in isolation. It is a national instance of the global wave described here, and one that the regulator's $18.5 billion distribution plan has already begun to fund.

Türkiye 2035 energy investment planFigure
Total energy investment to 2035~$200 bn
of which transmission & distribution network~$80 bn
Total installed capacity (today)~126 GW
Renewable share of capacity62% today → 70% target (2035)
Solar + wind (combined target)38.6 → 120 GW
Offshore wind (tender this year)5 GW
Nuclear by 2050≥20 GW (~15% of the mix)
Net-zero target2053
Distribution ceiling (fifth tariff period)$18.5 bn (2026–2030), ~₺776 bn

A strategic commitment, not current expenditure

The figures assembled here describe a single shift in the architecture of the power system. For a decade, generation outpaced the network, and the network has become the constraint that now governs the pace of the transition. Closing the gap will require global grid investment to rise from approximately $400 billion a year toward more than $600 billion by 2030, and the largest part of that increase must occur in the emerging economies, where the cost of capital and the condition of the network are most acute.

The implication is consistent with the framing of our Emerging Energy Outlook 2026. Investment in transmission and distribution is not most usefully understood as current expenditure to be minimised. In an economy that is electrifying its transport, its heating and its industry, the network determines whether generation already financed can reach demand, and is in that respect as critical to national and international security as the generation technology itself. The grid investment wave is the form that recognition is now taking.

Sources: International Energy Agency (World Energy Investment 2025; Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions; Electricity 2026); European Commission (Grids Package and Action Plan); Edison Electric Institute; State Grid Corporation of China and Bloomberg; national energy regulators. Türkiye: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources / Minister Alparslan Bayraktar (Türkiye Clean Energy Transition Investment Forum, London, 24 June 2026, reported by Anadolu Agency); Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK), fifth tariff period. This Weekly Insight extends the World Electricity Ecosystem 2025–2050 dataset (UzEnergyNews Open Data, CC BY 4.0) and the flagship Emerging Energy Outlook 2026. Figures reflect mid-2026 public sources.

WEEKLY INSIGHT #8 · DATA · GLOBAL 23 June 2026 · 9 min read · EN/TR · Global

The World Electricity Ecosystem: A $4.6 Trillion Market and the Fleet That Supplies It

The value of electricity consumed worldwide each year now stands at approximately $4.6 trillion, equivalent to 3.9 percent of global GDP. Behind that figure sits a generation fleet of 10,425 GW that is set to nearly triple by 2050. This Weekly Insight introduces the World Electricity Ecosystem 2025–2050 dataset and examines what the two numbers — the market and the fleet — reveal about where electricity matters most to national economies, and what will determine whether the build-out keeps pace with demand.

A market worth $4.6 trillion

When measured at the point of final consumption, the global electricity market is worth roughly $4.6 trillion each year. The figure is derived directly: gross electricity consumption in each economy, multiplied by its all-in average retail price, summed across markets. At a world level this is equivalent to about 3.9 percent of global GDP, which the IMF places near $117 trillion in nominal terms.

The method is deliberately transparent and reproducible. For every economy in the dataset, the ecosystem value equals consumption in terawatt-hours multiplied by the all-in average retail tariff in US cents per kilowatt-hour. The result is then expressed as a share of that country's nominal GDP. The Türkiye figure serves as the calibration point: 361 TWh consumed at an all-in average of 10.91 US cents per kilowatt-hour yields an ecosystem value of $39.4 billion, equal to roughly 2.5 percent of national GDP, a result consistent with publicly reported figures for Türkiye's electricity sector. The same formula has been applied to fifteen economies without adjustment.

This framing treats electricity not as a single commodity price but as the full value that an economy assigns to the power it consumes. It captures generation, networks, retail margins and the taxes and levies embedded in the final tariff, which is why it tracks closely to what households and firms actually pay.

Where electricity carries the most economic weight

Expressing the ecosystem as a share of GDP produces a ranking that differs markedly from a simple ranking by size. South Africa sits at the top at 6.5 percent, followed by Vietnam at 6.0 percent and China at 4.5 percent. The world average of 3.9 percent falls below each of these. The United States, by contrast, sits near the foot of the table at 1.9 percent, alongside Kenya at the same share, with Indonesia and Nigeria lower still at 1.6 percent.

The mechanism behind the ranking is straightforward and has two distinct sources. A high share tends to reflect an electricity-intensive economy, where mining and heavy industry account for a large part of output, combined with a relatively modest nominal GDP. South Africa, Vietnam and China each fit this description. A low share arises in two different ways. In a high-income, services-weighted economy such as the United States, electricity is a smaller fraction of a very large GDP. In a low-access economy such as Nigeria, the low share instead reflects suppressed demand, where consumption is constrained by the limits of supply rather than by the structure of the economy.

The distinction matters for interpretation. A low ecosystem share is not in itself a sign of efficiency, nor a high share a sign of waste. The same indicator describes an advanced services economy and an electricity-constrained one, and the two should not be read in the same way.

EconomyEcosystem value ($bn/yr)Share of GDP
South Africa286.5%
Vietnam296.0%
China8814.5%
World4,6003.9%
Pakistan153.6%
OECD2,0003.25%
India1323.2%
EU-276163.2%
Uzbekistan42.65%
Türkiye392.5%
Kazakhstan62.1%
United States5981.9%
Kenya21.9%
Indonesia231.6%
Nigeria4.51.6%

The Türkiye calibration point

Türkiye anchors the dataset because its figures can be checked against an independent public source. National consumption of 361 TWh, priced at an all-in average of 10.91 US cents per kilowatt-hour, produces an ecosystem value of $39.4 billion. Against a nominal GDP placing the economy among the larger emerging markets, this represents approximately 2.5 percent — a position in the lower half of the ranking that is consistent with Türkiye's diversified, services-inclusive economic structure.

The value of this calibration is methodological. Because the Türkiye result is consistent with publicly reported figures for the sector, the same formula can be applied to the remaining economies with confidence that the approach is sound rather than merely internally consistent. The dataset therefore rests on a publicly grounded anchor rather than on an unverified model.

The fleet behind the market

The market described above is supplied by an installed generation fleet of 10,425 GW as of 2025. Under the dataset's central projection, that fleet expands to approximately 30,000 GW by 2050, an increase of 2.9 times. Over the same period, electricity consumption rises from 31,779 TWh to 58,400 TWh, an increase of about 1.8 times. The capacity figure grows faster than consumption because the additions are dominated by solar and wind, which generate fewer hours per year of installed capacity than the thermal plant they displace, so that more gigawatts are required to deliver each additional terawatt-hour.

The composition of the fleet changes as much as its size. The renewable share of installed capacity rises from 28 percent in 2013 to 49 percent in 2025, and is projected to reach 80 percent by 2050. Within that shift, solar capacity expands from 2,300 GW in 2025 to 16,000 GW in 2050, wind from 1,250 GW to 4,700 GW, while coal declines from 2,180 GW to roughly 900 GW. The trajectory is one of a fleet that grows substantially in nameplate terms while moving from a thermal core toward a variable, renewable one.

Source2025 (GW)2050 (GW)2025 share2050 share
Solar2,30016,00022%53%
Wind1,2504,70012%16%
Hydro1,4201,90014%6%
Nuclear4206474%2%
Gas1,9001,85018%6%
Coal2,18090021%3%
Other9554,0039%13%
Total10,425~30,000100%100%
of which renewable49%80%

Why more gigawatts buy less energy

The gap between the 2.9-times growth in capacity and the 1.8-times growth in consumption is the central technical feature of the transition, and it has practical consequences. A solar plant in a typical location operates at the equivalent of full output for roughly fifteen to twenty percent of the year; a combined-cycle gas plant or a coal unit can exceed fifty percent. Replacing dispatchable thermal capacity with variable renewable capacity therefore requires considerably more installed gigawatts to serve the same demand.

This is not a deficiency of renewable generation; it is a structural characteristic of the resource. Its consequence, however, is that the system must build more than the headline demand growth alone would suggest, and that it must invest in the networks, storage and flexibility needed to manage output that varies with the weather and the time of day. The scale of the build-out is therefore set not only by how much electricity the world will consume, but by the physical properties of the plant that will supply it.

The grid is the binding constraint

A fleet that nearly triples in size cannot be connected by generation investment alone. The world currently invests on the order of $400 billion a year in electricity networks. In the European Union, the Grids Package envisages €1.2 trillion of network investment by 2040, and the largest operators — among them Iberdrola, Enel and E.ON — already commit between €10 billion and €17 billion each per year. These are the figures associated with networks that are, on the whole, adequately funded.

In much of the developing world the position is different. Networks there are chronically underfunded relative to the generation they are expected to carry, which constrains the rate at which new capacity can be connected and delivered to consumers. For reference, Türkiye's distribution sector invests on the order of $3.8 billion a year, with $18.5 billion of capital expenditure planned across the fifth tariff period from 2026 to 2030. The transmission and management of electricity in an increasingly electrified economy is, in this respect, as critical to national and international security as the generation technology itself.

The two bottlenecks for developing markets

The dataset connects directly to the central finding of our flagship Emerging Energy Outlook 2026. The ecosystem will expand on both measures examined here — capacity by 2.9 times and consumption by roughly 1.8 times — and the developing world will account for the greater part of that growth. The constraint on these economies is not the willingness to build, since almost every country examined maintains a renewables target and an electrification programme.

Two bottlenecks instead determine the pace. The first is the cost of capital: utility-scale generation in developing economies is financed at two to three times the cost prevailing in the advanced economies, which raises the delivered cost of every project before a single unit of energy is produced. The second is the condition of the grid, which is older, less efficient and persistently underfunded in precisely the markets where demand is growing fastest. The rate at which the global fleet reaches its projected size will therefore be governed less by the decision to build than by the cost of finance and the capacity of the network to absorb new generation. Viewed in these terms, investment in electricity infrastructure is a strategic commitment to a country's next three decades, rather than current expenditure alone.

What the dataset adds

The World Electricity Ecosystem 2025–2050 dataset brings the market and the fleet into a single, comparable frame. It allows the value an economy assigns to its electricity to be set alongside the physical fleet that supplies it, and it makes both figures comparable across fifteen economies on a consistent basis. The intention is to provide a reference point that regulators, lenders and analysts can use directly, with each figure traceable to a public source and the Türkiye anchor independently verified.

The dataset is published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence as part of UzEnergyNews Open Data. The two signature charts on our Data page present the ecosystem-to-GDP ranking and the source composition of installed capacity from 2013 to 2050, and the underlying figures are available for reuse with attribution.

Sources: IEA (World Energy Outlook 2025, Electricity 2026, World Energy Investment); IRENA (Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026); Ember; IMF (World Economic Outlook); U.S. Energy Information Administration; Eurostat; national energy plans. Türkiye anchor: EPDK; Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Dataset: World Electricity Ecosystem 2025–2050, UzEnergyNews Open Data (CC BY 4.0). Figures reflect mid-2026 public sources.

WEEKLY INSIGHT #7 · HYDRO · WATER-ENERGY 17 June 2026 · 7 min read · EN/TR · Central Asia

Water Is the Real Grid: Why Central Asia's Power Market Rests on a 60-Year-Old Problem

Central Asia is building a regional electricity market and a green-power corridor to Europe. Both depend on a problem the region has not solved since the Soviet collapse: upstream countries need water for winter electricity, downstream countries need it for summer crops. The breakthrough now under way is not a dam — it is a trade.

The problem beneath the headlines

The headlines out of Central Asia this year are about ambition: a World Bank-backed regional electricity market (REMIT), a subsea cable to carry renewable power across the Caspian toward Europe, gigawatts of new solar and wind. Beneath all of it sits a constraint that predates every one of these projects and quietly governs whether they can work. In Central Asia, electricity and water are not two problems but one. The rivers that irrigate the cotton and wheat of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are the same rivers that generate the hydropower of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. What one country does with the water in winter determines what another can grow in summer. Until that conflict is managed, no regional market is fully secure.

The Soviet bargain and its collapse

The conflict is structural, and it was once solved by design. Under the Soviet Union the system was run as a single unit. The upstream republics — Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, rich in mountain water but poor in fossil fuel — stored water through the winter and released it in summer, when the downstream republics of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan needed it for irrigation. In exchange, the downstream republics, rich in coal and gas, supplied the upstream ones with fuel for heating through the cold months. Water flowed down in summer; energy flowed up in winter. It was a barter, and it balanced.

Independence broke the barter. Once the republics became states with separate budgets and tariffs, the downstream countries had little reason to ship cheap fuel north, and the upstream countries had every reason to use their one abundant resource — water — to generate their own electricity when they needed it most, in winter. So Kyrgyzstan began releasing water through its dams in winter to keep the lights and heating on, sending it downstream in the cold season when no one could use it for crops, and holding too little back for the summer when the fields needed it. The same water, released at the wrong time of year, became a source of shortage at both ends: winter power crises upstream, summer irrigation shortfalls downstream.

Toktogul: the reservoir that holds the balance

No single structure embodies this better than the Toktogul reservoir in Kyrgyzstan. Sitting on the Naryn river, the main tributary of the Syr Darya, Toktogul is Kyrgyzstan's largest power station and supplies roughly 40 percent of the country's electricity. It is also the regulator of summer water for millions of hectares of farmland downstream. The two jobs pull in opposite directions, and the reservoir's water level is the scoreboard. This year it told a stark story: Toktogul held 9.14 billion cubic metres of water on 1 January 2026 and just 7 billion by 1 April, drawn down through the winter heating season. Every cubic metre spent generating winter electricity is a cubic metre not available for summer irrigation. When the reservoir runs low, both functions suffer at once — and each growing season becomes a fresh round of water-for-electricity negotiation with less room to manoeuvre.

The 2025 swap: solving it with trade, not engineering

The most important development is that the region has begun to manage the conflict with trade rather than with concrete. On 8 September 2025, at a meeting in the Kyrgyz resort town of Cholpon-Ata, the energy ministers and water agencies of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan signed a package of protocols that revives the old Soviet logic in a modern form. Under the deal, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan supply Kyrgyzstan with electricity in winter; in return, Kyrgyzstan reduces its winter water releases and holds the water back in Toktogul for the downstream countries' summer irrigation. Between September 2025 and April 2026, Kazakhstan alone delivered more than 1.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity north under this arrangement. Kazakhstan also agreed to wheel power to Kyrgyzstan from Russia across its own grid, and Uzbekistan committed to supply southern Kazakhstan in 2026.

This is the barter rebuilt as an electricity trade. Instead of shipping coal to keep the upstream warm, the downstream countries ship kilowatt-hours; instead of being forced to spend its water on winter power, the upstream country is paid, in electricity, to keep the water in the reservoir. The mechanism that makes this scalable is precisely the regional market the World Bank is funding through REMIT: a shared market turns an awkward bilateral favour into a routine, priced transaction.

Kambarata-1 and the logic of shared ownership

The second development changes who owns the water. Kambarata-1, a long-planned hydropower plant upstream of Toktogul on the Naryn, is finally moving. The plant is designed for 1,860 megawatts behind a 256-metre dam, with a reservoir of 5.4 billion cubic metres and a construction cost of about 4.2 billion dollars. What matters is not only the megawatts but the ownership. From 2026 the plant is being financed and owned jointly: Kyrgyzstan holds 34 percent and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan 33 percent each. The downstream countries are becoming co-owners of the upstream reservoir that controls their water.

That is the institutional fix the region has lacked. A new reservoir adds storage to smooth the seasonal swing between winter power and summer water. But shared ownership does something the engineering alone cannot: it gives the downstream states a direct say in how and when the water is released, and a financial stake in releasing it for irrigation rather than spilling it for winter power. Lenders have noticed — the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the European Investment Bank and the OPEC Fund have all engaged with the project. Where REMIT builds the market, Kambarata-1 builds the asset the three countries hold in common.

Rogun and the harder case

Not every upstream project follows the cooperative model, and Tajikistan's Rogun dam shows the tension that remains. On the Vakhsh river, Rogun is engineered to be the most powerful hydropower plant in Central Asia: 3,780 megawatts when complete, behind the tallest dam in the world at 335 metres, generating around 14,400 gigawatt-hours a year — roughly 70 percent of Tajikistan's current output. Two of its six units are running; a third is due in 2027. The total cost is put at about 6.2 billion dollars.

But Rogun is being built largely as a national project, and its financing has run into the limits of that approach. The World Bank approved a 350-million-dollar grant in December 2024 and then suspended further support, asking Tajikistan first to present a financing plan that does not pile on unsustainable debt, to secure long-term electricity export agreements, and to meet rigorous dam-safety standards. Tajikistan is pressing ahead, budgeting more than a billion dollars of its own money for 2026. Rogun is the counter-example to Kambarata-1: enormous potential, but built alone, with the financing, debt and downstream-water questions still unresolved. It is a reminder that the cooperative model is a choice, not a default.

The clock, and why it matters

All of this is happening against a tightening natural constraint. Central Asia's water comes from mountain glaciers and snowpack that are shrinking, and the flows of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya are becoming less reliable. Analysts have flagged the summer of 2026 as a test of whether the region's new cooperation can hold under drought. The institutions are improving at the very moment the resource is getting scarcer, and it is not yet clear which is moving faster.

The bottom line. For UzEnergyNews, the water-energy nexus is the foundation under the stories that get the headlines. The regional electricity market and the Trans-Caspian green corridor both assume that hydropower can be dispatched when it is needed — to firm up variable solar and wind, to balance the system, to fill the winter gap. That assumption only holds if the water behind the dams is managed as a shared resource rather than a national weapon. The 2025 trilateral swap and the shared ownership of Kambarata-1 are the first real evidence that the region is choosing the former. The market everyone is building is, in the end, a market in water as much as in power.

Sources: The Times of Central Asia; Eurasianet; The Astana Times; The Diplomat; The Water Diplomat; World Bank; gazeta.uz. Figures reflect mid-2026 public sources.

WEEKLY INSIGHT #6 · GAS · COMPARATIVE 16 June 2026 · 8 min read · TR · Central Asia

The Importer's Advantage: Türkiye's Gas Distribution Model and the Lesson for a Net-Importer Central Asia

Türkiye imports almost every cubic metre of gas it burns, yet it runs one of Europe's largest and cheapest distribution networks. Uzbekistan sat on one of Central Asia's great gas endowments, yet it became a net importer in 2023 and now rations supply through cold winters. The contrast reframes a question producer states have long answered upstream: energy security is decided as much by the distribution network as by the reservoir.

A network built on imported molecules

Türkiye consumed 58.6 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas in 2025, up 10% year on year, and imported 57.9 bcm of it; domestic production covered roughly 3.1 bcm. On any resource scorecard, Türkiye is structurally short. Downstream, the picture inverts. By the end of 2025 the distribution sector reached 22.8 million subscribers — the third-largest base in Europe — across a network of 235,000 km that grew 7.2% in a single year, reaching 81 provinces, 982 settlements and about 85% of the population. Supply arrives through a deliberately diversified chain: 76% by pipeline, 19% as CNG and 5% as LNG.

The network itself tells a maturity story. Of the 235,000 km, roughly 148,000 km is polyethylene and only about 22,000 km older steel — the profile of a system expanded recently and at scale rather than a legacy grid patched over decades. Demand concentrates where the economy is — Istanbul alone has 5.56 million subscribers, ahead of Ankara (1.99m) and Bursa (1.13m) — but the policy achievement is the long tail. Crucially, the build-out continues: more than $500 million invested in 2025, over $4 billion earmarked for 2025-2026, and 15,856 km of new line laid in a single year. None of it rests on cheap gas at the border; it rests on a downstream model that can finance itself.

How an importer made distribution investable

The mechanism is unglamorous but decisive. Distribution is run by private companies operating under the EPDK regulator within defined regions and tariffs, coordinated through GAZBİR, the distributors' association, which standardises data, training and technical certification. The regulated-return model gives investors a predictable basis to extend pipe into thinner, costlier settlements — work a state budget rarely prioritises. Residential prices remain heavily subsidised at about 2.74 euro-cents/kWh against a European capital-city average above 10, but the subsidy sits on top of, not instead of, an investable network. The pressure shows in the bill rather than the pipe: the average annual household gas cost reached 12,686 TL in 2025, up 55% — an inflation pass-through that keeps the system solvent without abandoning affordability.

2025🇹🇷 Türkiye (importer)🇺🇿 Uzbekistan (former producer)
Trade positionStructural importer (57.9 bcm imported)Net importer since 2023
Production~3.1 bcm~42 bcm (down from 61.6 in 2018)
Subscribers / access22.8m · ~85% of populationHousehold = largest draw (~42%)
Network235,000 km (+7.2%)Transmission bottlenecks, winter pressure loss
Residential price2.74 €c/kWh (subsidised)~0.74 €c/kWh ($0.008) — among world's lowest
Reform / investmentMature regulated model; $4bn+ in 2025-26Tariffs +71% then +54%; full deregulation 2026

The producer's paradox

Uzbekistan is the mirror image. Output has fallen from 61.6 bcm in 2018 to roughly 42 bcm in 2025, and the country crossed into net-importer status in 2023 — a symbolic break for a state whose identity was built on hydrocarbon abundance. The household sector is now the single largest consumer of gas (about 42%), ahead of power generation, so any supply gap lands directly on voters in winter. The price signal that might have curbed demand was, for years, almost absent: Uzbek households pay around $0.008/kWh, roughly eleven times below the global average and below even Türkiye's subsidised level. The result was predictable — demand production could not follow, recurrent winter shortages, industry told to stand down at peak, and gas-station restrictions reimposed as recently as January 2026. To plug the gap, Tashkent now buys 7 to 7.7 bcm of Russian gas through the Central Asia-Center system, with talk of rising toward 11 bcm.

Reform is now under way, and it moves in Türkiye's direction. The residential tariff rose from 380 to 650 UZS/m³ in 2024 and to 1,000 in May 2025; from 2026 prices track inflation, and a full deregulation of the gas price is planned for the year, with the Asian Development Bank financing transmission modernisation. These are precisely the choices — cost-reflective tariffs, an investable downstream, diversified supply — that Türkiye institutionalised earlier and that turned a permanent importer into a distribution leader.

Reserves are not resilience

The regional backdrop sharpens the point. Turkmenistan still produced 76.5 bcm in 2025, exporting the bulk to China while courting the long-delayed TAPI route toward Afghanistan, Pakistan and India; Azerbaijan remains a net exporter, supplying Türkiye among others. Within the Organization of Turkic States, reserves are not the constraint — distribution, regulation and pricing are. Yet not every element of the Türkiye model transfers cleanly: Türkiye's import diversity rests on geography — Black Sea pipelines, two coastal LNG terminals, floating regasification — that landlocked Central Asia cannot replicate. For Tashkent, supply diversity must be engineered through pipeline interconnection and storage rather than tankers, making the downstream and storage layers even more decisive than they were for Ankara.

The bottom line. For policymakers across Central Asia the Türkiye case offers three transferable lessons: diversify the inbound chain so no single supplier or season dictates security; make the downstream investable through stable, regulated returns rather than the state balance sheet; and let the tariff fund the network, because subsidy can protect households but only a cost-reflective path keeps pipe in the ground and gas at the burner. The producer's instinct is to look at the reservoir. The importer's advantage is that it never could.

Sources: GAZBİR 2025 Natural Gas Distribution Sector Report (EPDK, TÜİK, MGM, HEPI, EuroStat); Times of Central Asia; Caspian Post; Gazeta.uz; Gas Processing & LNG. Figures reflect mid-2026 public sources.

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WEEKLY INSIGHT #5 · NUCLEAR · SMR 6 June 2026 · 9 min read · Eurasia

Small Modular Reactors: From Blueprint to First Concrete — Where Eurasia Enters the Global SMR Race

Small modular reactors have spent a decade as a PowerPoint promise. In 2026 that changes. China's Linglong One is weeks away from becoming the world's first land-based commercial SMR; Uzbekistan poured first concrete on a Russian RITM-200N in March; Türkiye has signed an i-SMR cooperation with South Korea. Yet not one Western SMR is operating, NuScale's flagship US project collapsed, and the economics remain unproven. For a region building nuclear from a near-zero base, the SMR question is strategic before it is technical.

What an SMR actually is — and isn't

A small modular reactor is any reactor under 300 MWe whose components are factory-built and shipped to site rather than poured in place. The pitch is compelling: smaller footprint, enhanced passive safety, lower upfront capital, and — crucially for emerging economies — access to nuclear capacity without the decade-long, multi-billion-dollar construction marathon of a conventional gigawatt plant. The catch is equally important: as of mid-2026 there is no large, commercially operating SMR fleet anywhere in the world. Almost every design is still pre-commercial.

The global pipeline: China leads, the West stalls

The gap between East and West has become the defining feature of the SMR race. China's CNNC pushed Linglong One through an IAEA safety review back in 2016 — the first SMR to clear it — and is now on the verge of commercial operation. Russia already exports a floating model. The Western pipeline, by contrast, will not deliver commercial units before 2029 at the earliest.

Project / CountryCapacityStatus (mid-2026)
Linglong One (ACP100) · China125 MWeFirst land-based commercial SMR; cold tests done, start H1 2026
Akademik Lomonosov · Russia2×35 MWeFloating SMR, operating since 2020 (exportable model)
BWRX-300 (Darlington) · Canada300 MWeLicensed construction site; ~2029 — closest Western project
NuScale (VOYGR) · USA77 MWe/modNRC-certified design; flagship Utah project cancelled 2023
Rolls-Royce SMR · UK470 MWeIn Generic Design Assessment; not yet broken ground
i-SMR · South Korea170 MWeDesign approval targeted 2028, commercial ~2035

How big could this get? The forecasts

The studies disagree on the destination but agree on the direction. The OECD-NEA's SMR Dashboard Edition III (July 2025) catalogued 127 distinct SMR technologies worldwide; the IAEA tracks 80-plus designs in active development, with the United States alone fielding 18. On capacity, the NEA's ambitious case sees 375 GWe of SMRs by 2050; the IAEA's high scenario puts total nuclear at 992 GW by 2050 with SMRs supplying roughly a quarter of all new capacity added — though its low case keeps that share near 5 percent. Commercially, the SMR market is valued around $6.5 billion in 2025, rising toward $10.7 billion by 2033. The spread between the bullish and bearish cases is the real headline: this is a technology being underwritten politically before it is proven economically.

The new demand driver: AI data centres

What has revived SMR momentum is not the power grid — it is the hyperscaler. AI data centres need round-the-clock, carbon-free baseload at a scale and speed conventional plants cannot supply, and developers are now pairing compute campuses directly with nuclear. NuScale has openly repositioned toward data-centre demand, and "behind-the-meter" reactor-for-datacentre deals have become the sector's most credible near-term commercial pull. For Eurasia, the lesson is that SMR economics may first close not in the residential grid but in industrial and digital-infrastructure loads.

Eurasia's entry: Uzbekistan and Türkiye

Uzbekistan is building the region's first reactor as an integrated plant — two large VVER-1000 units plus two RITM-200N small modular reactors of 55 MWe each (a 190 MWt design adapted from Russia's nuclear icebreakers, 60-year design life). First concrete was poured at the Farish district, Jizzakh region site in March 2026, with phased commissioning of early facilities targeted by year-end. It is, in effect, Central Asia's debut in both large and small nuclear at once — built on the Rosatom relationship.

Türkiye is layering an SMR track onto its existing programme. Alongside the 4,800 MW Akkuyu plant (ROSATOM) and talks for Sinop and Thrace, Ankara signed a TÜNAŞ–KEPCO memorandum (Nov 2025) and an i-SMRDA–Nuclean SMR cooperation (June 2026) with South Korea. A quiet enabler sits behind that choice: a January 2025 IP settlement bars Korea's KHNP from bidding new reactors across most Western markets for 50 years — pushing Seoul toward partners like Türkiye and lifting Ankara's negotiating leverage.

The reality check

None of this guarantees electrons. SMRs still carry high first-of-a-kind capital cost, 7-to-10-year build timelines, immature licensing frameworks, and no commercially proven reference plant outside China and Russia's state programmes. Financing is the deepest constraint — long-tenor nuclear lending is hard to arrange in high-inflation, FX-volatile economies. Fuel supply, waste and public acceptance remain open questions.

The bottom line. The first commercial decade of SMRs will belong to state-backed programmes — China at home, Russia through exports — not the Western start-ups that wrote the early narrative. For Eurasian buyers the real value is not cheap near-term power; it is diversification and industrial entry: a seat in the global SMR supply chain rather than a stack of licence fees. The countries that treat SMRs as an industrial-policy instrument — localising components, building regulatory and engineering capacity — will gain far more than those that simply import a reactor. Atomic geopolitics, increasingly, is decided in the supply chain.

Sources: IAEA — Advances in SMR Technology Developments; OECD-NEA SMR Dashboard Edition III (July 2025); World Nuclear News; The Diplomat; regional strategic literature. Figures reflect mid-2026 public sources.

WEEKLY INSIGHT #4 · SECTOR OUTLOOK 3 June 2026 · 10 min read · Türkiye

Türkiye's Power Capacity Roadmap — From 31.8 GW to 227 GW, and the Grid That Must Carry It

Türkiye's electricity sector has scaled 3.9× since 2003 — from 31.8 GW to 125.4 GW — at a 7.6 percent compound annual growth rate. The National Energy Plan (UEP) 2035 pushes the next leg even higher: 227 GW of total installed capacity by 2035, with 104 GW to be built in the next decade and roughly 70 percent of the system coming from renewables. The question is no longer whether the capacity will be there — it is whether the grid can carry it.

The thesis

For 22 years Türkiye's electricity sector has run a single dominant story: capacity expansion. From the 31.8 GW base of 2003 to today's 125.4 GW, the system has tripled and changed colour. Hydropower and conventional thermal anchored the first decade; renewable support schemes (YEKDEM, YEKA) and large competitive auctions transformed the second; and an unlicensed-solar wave has shaped the third. By April 2026, renewables — hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass — supplied 56.7 percent of installed capacity, while gas had fallen from 24.6 percent to 19.9 percent and coal from 28.8 percent to 17.9 percent.

The next ten years tell a different story. With the National Energy Plan targeting 227 GW by 2035, roughly 104 GW of new capacity has to be built — at scale, on schedule, and tightly integrated with a grid that has not yet been designed for it. The thesis for the next decade is not megawatts. It is system flexibility, dispatch intelligence, storage and grid modernisation. Capacity is the story that already happened; grid is the story that is about to.

1. The 2003–2026 trajectory

The capacity record is the cleanest evidence of structural transformation. Total installed power grew at a 7.6 percent compound annual rate, more than triple the pace of population growth. The composition shift is even more telling than the absolute number.

Source2003 (MW)April 2026 (MW)Change (MW)CAGR
Hydropower11,08032,338+21,2584.8%
Solar026,769+26,769n/a
Natural Gas7,84625,013+17,1675.2%
Wind39015,075+14,68517.4%
Domestic coal4,17011,565+7,3954.6%
Imported coal5,01510,456+5,4413.3%
Biomass1,1532,396+1,2433.3%
Geothermal1921,798+1,60610.3%
TOTAL31,846125,410+93,5647.6%

Three observations are central. First, wind's 17.4 percent CAGR over 22 years is one of the most aggressive renewable scale-ups in any G20 market. Second, solar went from zero in 2003 to 26.8 GW in 2026 — the second-largest installed source today, behind hydro. Third, gas continued to grow in absolute terms (+17.2 GW) even as its share fell, reflecting a peaker and balancing role rather than the dominant baseload narrative of the early 2000s.

Source group2003 shareApril 2026 shareChange
Renewables (hydro + solar + wind + geo + biomass)43.2%56.7%+13.5 pts
Natural gas24.6%19.9%−4.7 pts
Coal (domestic + imported)28.8%17.9%−10.9 pts
Other (biomass, geothermal)3.4%5.5%+2.1 pts

The 2026 system is not a marginal improvement on the 2003 system — it is a structurally different system, defined by very different operational characteristics, very different finance economics, and very different grid-integration challenges.

2. The 2035 destination

Türkiye's Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources published the National Energy Plan (UEP) in 2023 with horizons aligned to the 2053 net-zero target. The 2035 target was updated to 227 GW in late 2025, up from the original 189.7 GW in the 2023 baseline document. The revision reflects the unexpected acceleration in solar and wind installations of the past three years and a higher projection of 2035 electricity demand.

The 2035 architecture spans eight dimensions:

  • Demand: gross electricity consumption from 361 TWh (2025) to 510 TWh (2035) — a 41 percent increase
  • Capacity: installed power from 122.5 GW (2025) to 227 GW (2035) — 104 GW to be built
  • Renewables: solar plus wind from 38.6 GW to 120 GW, roughly 70 percent of the system
  • Supply security: hydro from 32 to 35 GW, nuclear baseload retention
  • Grid: smart grid, SCADA, distribution management systems, advanced metering infrastructure
  • Storage: 7.5 GW of grid-scale battery storage
  • Hydrogen: 5 GW of electrolyser capacity (green hydrogen for hard-to-decarbonise industry)
  • Efficiency: 50 percent improvement in primary energy intensity
Source2025 (GW)2035 target (GW)ChangeMultiple
Solar25.070.0+45.02.8×
Wind13.650.0+36.43.7×
Hydro32.035.0+3.01.1×
Natural gas25.020.0−5.00.8×
Other (coal, geo, bio, nuclear)26.952.0+25.11.9×
TOTAL122.5227.0+104.51.9×

3. Demand growth — where the 149 TWh comes from

Demand projections are typically the most contested numbers in any national plan. UEP 2035 puts the figure at 510 TWh, requiring 149 TWh of additional annual consumption over 2025–2035. The drivers are structural rather than cyclical: economic growth and industrial expansion; the electrification of heating and transport; data centre demand from AI and the digital economy; heat pump deployment; electric vehicle penetration.

The directional logic matches what is visible across other large European and OECD economies. The empirical test will be whether Türkiye can sustain 4 percent annual electricity demand growth through 2035 — a level that has been rare in mature systems but is fully consistent with developing-market urbanisation and industrial scale-up. The bottom-up build-out of solar and wind, supported by battery storage and a modernised grid, will determine whether that demand can be served reliably.

4. International benchmark — Türkiye at 3.9 MWh/capita

Per-capita electricity consumption is the cleanest single measure of how far Türkiye still has to travel. At 3.9 MWh per person in 2024, Türkiye sits roughly 71 percent of the EU-27 average (5.5 MWh) and 52 percent of the OECD average (7.5 MWh). The 2035 target of 5.6 MWh per capita would converge with today's EU average — a meaningful catch-up that itself drives much of the demand growth.

Country / regionPer-capita (MWh, 2024)Vs. Türkiye
Norway23.46.0×
United States13.03.3×
OECD average7.51.9×
Germany6.31.6×
EU-27 average5.51.4×
Türkiye (UEP 2035 target)5.61.4×
United Kingdom4.31.1×
Türkiye (2024)3.91.0×
South Africa3.50.9×

The implication for distribution operators, regulators and lenders is clear: Türkiye's demand curve has structural growth embedded in the demographics and the industrial path. The investment frameworks — EPDK tariff cycles, allowed revenue bases, network capacity expansion approvals — will need to operate on a trajectory of demand growth, not stability.

5. The grid is the constraint

If the 2003–2026 story was capacity, the 2026–2035 story will be the grid. The 2035 architecture explicitly treats grid modernisation, storage, digitalisation and flexibility as the binding constraints — not as auxiliary line items.

Three specific commitments stand out. Battery storage at 7.5 GW by 2035 — designed to manage daily and seasonal solar-and-wind variability, reduce balancing-market exposure and support frequency stability. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) rollout across distribution networks — enabling demand-side response, prosumer integration and loss-reduction analytics. 5 GW of electrolyser capacity for green hydrogen — targeting hard-to-abate sectors (steel, cement, fertilisers) and long-distance transport where direct electrification is uneconomic.

The financial scale of grid investment in Türkiye through 2035 — across transmission, distribution and storage — is on the order of $5–8 billion per year. For international developers, EPC contractors, OEMs (transformers, switchgear, BESS, smart meters) and lenders, this is one of the largest single grid modernisation programmes in the region across the decade ahead.

6. What this means for international participants

The implications differ by segment, but the central message is consistent: capacity build-out alone will not absorb the investment opportunity. Six adjacent fields stand out:

  • Utility-scale solar and wind developers: 81.4 GW of new solar+wind capacity needed (45 GW solar, 36.4 GW wind) — competitive auctions and YEKA-style frameworks will channel much of this
  • BESS system integrators: 7.5 GW of battery storage with both grid-services and project-paired economics
  • Transmission and distribution OEMs: transformers, switchgear, HV cables for connecting 104 GW of new generation
  • Smart meter and AMI vendors: distribution-wide AMI rollout supporting prosumer markets
  • Hydrogen technology providers: 5 GW electrolyser pipeline, end-to-end industrial offtake
  • Multilateral and commercial lenders: EBRD, IFC, ADB, EIB and DFI participation across all of the above

The bottom line. Türkiye's electricity sector grew 3.9× over 22 years. The next decade will add another 104 GW of capacity and require a fundamentally different grid — one designed for variable renewables, distributed generation, storage and digital dispatch. The capacity question is now well-understood; the grid question is the next decade's investment story. For international developers, lenders and operators tracking Eurasia, the 2026–2035 window is one of the deepest single-country opportunities in the region.

Sources: T.C. Energy and Natural Resources Ministry (ETKB) — April 2026 Capacity Bulletin and National Energy Plan 2020–2035; TEİAŞ October 2025 figures; IEA Electricity 2026; Eurostat 2025; EPDK Monthly Sector Reports.

WEEKLY INSIGHT #3 · M&A · PPP 3 June 2026 · 9 min read · Pakistan

Pakistan's Discos Privatization Restart — Five Networks on the Block, K-Electric's Two-Decade Lesson

After nearly two decades since K-Electric became Pakistan's only privatized distribution company, the government is restarting the DISCO privatization programme. Five networks are being identified for the first wave — out of 12 distribution territories serving 251 million consumers across a $371 billion economy. The asymmetric performance map — T&D losses spanning 8.9 percent to 38.1 percent, recovery rates 36.6 percent to 105.6 percent — tells the market which utilities are ready and which are not.

The thesis

For nearly two decades Pakistan's electricity distribution stayed mostly state-owned — ten DISCOs operating under the Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) umbrella, plus the privately held K-Electric in Karachi. The new privatization wave is driven by three structural pressures converging at once: the IMF programme demanding structural reform; circular debt at record levels straining sovereign finances; and the institutional learning accumulated since the 2005 K-Electric transaction.

The reform sequencing playbook is now visible. Rather than attempting to privatize the most troubled networks first — which would attract few bidders and risk political backlash — the new wave starts with the operationally-mature DISCOs, demonstrates value, and uses that momentum to address harder cases later. The performance asymmetry across the 12 distribution territories is the central data point.

1. The country setup

Before reading the privatization map, the country fundamentals matter. Pakistan is a 251-million-person economy with one of the lowest per-capita electricity figures in the broader region. Demand growth is structurally embedded; the question is who delivers it and at what price.

IndicatorValue
Land area881,913 km²
Population251.3 million
Urbanisation~38%
GDP$371.6 billion
GDP per capita$1,478
Inflation12.6%
Unemployment5.4%
Installed power capacity46.6 GW
Annual electricity generation127.5 TWh
Per-capita electricity consumption~470–500 kWh
Sovereign credit rating (S&P / Fitch / Moody's)B- / B- / Caa2

The per-capita electricity figure — roughly half of regional comparators — is significant. It signals that the underlying demand curve in Pakistan still has room to grow as urbanisation, industrial activity and air-conditioning loads expand. For a buyer of distribution assets, this is a tailwind: revenue base growth is structurally underwritten by demographics and urbanisation, not by tariff hikes alone.

2. K-Electric — the 20-year experiment

Pakistan's privatization narrative starts in Karachi. The Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC) was privatized in 2005 to a Saudi-led consortium. Ownership shifted in 2008–2009 when the Abraaj Group acquired control, professionalising operations and pursuing a substantive turnaround through the early 2010s. In 2018 Shanghai Electric attempted to acquire K-Electric for approximately $1.77 billion, but the transaction stalled in a multi-year regulatory deadlock that has yet to fully resolve.

Today K-Electric serves the Karachi metropolitan area — about 3.7 million customers, with T&D losses of 16.0 percent and a recovery rate of 91.5 percent. By the standards of Pakistan's distribution sector, these are solid numbers, well inside the operational envelope of the troubled state DISCOs and broadly comparable to mid-tier regional peers.

Three lessons from the K-Electric experience are now central to how the new programme is being structured:

  • Tariff predictability matters more than ownership structure. Regulatory continuity through political cycles, not the identity of the shareholder, determined what could be delivered.
  • FX and sovereign risk must be addressed in the deal architecture. PKR depreciation and Caa2-band credit conditions reshape the economics of capex programmes and dividend repatriation; ignoring them is what stalled successor transactions.
  • The political-regulatory interface is the binding constraint. K-Electric demonstrated that even a well-capitalised, professionally-managed operator cannot outperform the regulatory framework it operates within. New transaction structures will need to lock in regulatory commitments differently.

K-Electric remains, for now, Pakistan's only meaningfully successful DISCO privatization. The next wave begins with that precedent as institutional memory — including what worked, what didn't, and what would need to be redesigned for any new transaction to deliver value.

3. The performance map — twelve territories, four reform priority tiers

The full performance picture is essential context for the privatization sequencing. The 12 distribution service territories serve very different customer bases, with operating performance ranging from world-class to deeply troubled. Reform priority categorisation reflects this asymmetry directly.

DISCOCustomers (M)T&D LossRecoveryReceivables (PKR bn)Reform Priority
IESCO3.958.9%97.0%89.45● Green
LESCO6.515.9%96.1%224.65● Yellow
GEPCO4.7911.5%96.2%N/A● Green
FESCO5.49.9%99.6%N/A● Green
MEPCO8.515.3%97.2%128.87● Yellow
PESCO4.4138.1%91.9%246.10● Red
HESCO1.527.6%76.5%−22● Orange
SEPCO1.234.9%66.6%−30● Red
QESCO0.729.8%36.6%235+● Red
TESCO0.459.0%105.6%Low● Yellow
HAZECON/AN/AN/AN/A
K-Electric3.716.0%91.5%N/A● Yellow

Four observations stand out. First, the spread is enormous: technical and commercial losses range from 8.9 percent (IESCO) to 38.1 percent (PESCO), with recovery rates spanning 36.6 percent (QESCO) to 105.6 percent (TESCO). This is not a sector with uniform problems; it is a sector with extreme territorial heterogeneity. Second, customer scale does not predict performance — LESCO (6.5M customers) outperforms PESCO (4.4M); MEPCO (8.5M) handles its scale well. Third, the Green-tier DISCOs cluster around the northern industrial-urban corridor (Islamabad, Gujranwala, Faisalabad), where service density, customer mix and institutional history favour operations. Fourth, receivables exposure is concentrated in a small number of territories — PESCO PKR 246 billion, QESCO PKR 235+ billion — which by themselves represent a material share of the system-wide circular debt problem.

4. What the first wave looks like

Five DISCOs have been identified for the first wave. Without naming individual transactions, the sequencing logic is clear from the performance map: international best practice for distribution privatization starts with operationally-mature targets, builds market confidence through successful early transactions, and uses that momentum to address harder cases in subsequent waves.

The likely composition of the first wave reflects the Green-tier DISCOs at its core — territories where T&D losses are already under 12 percent and recovery rates above 96 percent. These are the cases where a new operator can credibly deliver further efficiency gains rather than facing a turnaround mandate from zero. A subset of Yellow-tier candidates — those with manageable receivables and recovery already at solid levels — completes the wave.

This approach has two strategic benefits. The transactions themselves attract a wider pool of bidders, generating more competitive auctions and better proceeds for the state. And the operational continuity in well-functioning service areas reduces political risk during the transition. Critical-priority territories (PESCO, SEPCO, QESCO) are deferred to later waves where the institutional structures, regulatory tools, and possibly different transaction models (concession, performance-based contracts, public-private partnerships) can be deployed for restructuring.

5. What bidders will look at

For international developers, lenders and operators evaluating the wave, five diligence axes are decisive — without speculating on individual identities or bid economics:

  • Receivables exposure. The IESCO PKR 89 billion outstanding is a different proposition from PESCO PKR 246 billion. Transaction structures will likely separate legacy receivables from going-concern operations.
  • T&D loss trajectory. Technical losses (transformer efficiency, line losses) are easier to address with capex programmes than commercial losses (theft, billing leakage), which require enforcement and digitisation.
  • Recovery rate variability. A 96 percent recovery base is a different working-capital profile than 91 percent — the difference compounds rapidly across multi-billion-rupee revenue lines.
  • NEPRA tariff predictability. The regulator's track record on revenue-cap mechanisms, fuel cost pass-through and indexation will be central to financial modelling for new owners.
  • FX and sovereign risk. Operating under Caa2 sovereign credit and continued PKR volatility, the deal architecture will need explicit FX risk-sharing or contractual protections. This is the lesson from the Shanghai Electric–K-Electric stalemate.

6. Outlook

Three forces will shape the window over the next 12–24 months. IMF programme conditionality sets the timeline floor: structural reform commitments under the current programme require demonstrable transactions within a fixed period. Regional comparators set the benchmark: Uzbekistan's DSO programme, Kazakhstan's earlier privatizations and Türkiye's distribution sector unbundling all provide reference points for international observers and for the Pakistani regulatory side. Domestic political continuity remains the residual risk: privatization commitments must survive electoral cycles, and the transaction architecture will likely include mechanisms to insulate operating contracts from political turbulence.

The transaction window for the first wave points to 2026–2027 closings, with diligence and competitive selection processes running through the intervening period.

The bottom line. After 20 years, Pakistan is putting five DISCOs on the block. The K-Electric story — a mixed but instructive precedent — is the institutional memory. The asymmetric performance map across the 12 networks signals where the operational wins live and where future waves will need different solutions. For international developers, lenders and operators, this is one of the largest distribution privatization programmes in the region — and a real test of whether reform sequencing can be delivered.

Sources: Pakistan Economic Survey 2024–25; World Bank Country Profile 2024–25; NEPRA Annual Report FY2024. Performance figures presented as in source reports.

WEEKLY INSIGHT #2 · SECTOR OUTLOOK 2 June 2026 · 8 min read · Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan's Energy Market 2026 — From Capacity Expansion to System Transformation

Uzbekistan's power sector is entering a new phase: not just adding megawatts, but building a flexible, reliable and increasingly low-carbon system. Generation has grown roughly 47 percent since 2016, renewables have multiplied 20-fold in three years, and storage capacity quadrupled in 2025 alone. The next value wave will come from projects that strengthen the entire system — transmission, distribution, storage, digital dispatch, regional trade — not from standalone capacity additions.

The thesis

Over the past nine years Uzbekistan has done the easy work — adding generation to meet a clear shortage. From 2016's ~59 billion kWh to 2025's 86.7 billion kWh, the system has scaled ~47 percent. But the questions ahead are not about megawatts; they are about how a power system carries 23 TWh of variable renewables in 2026, how distribution networks reach data centres and industrial parks, and how regional trade integrates the country with its Central Asian neighbours. International developers, financiers and technology providers will find the highest value not in new turbines but in projects that strengthen the entire system.

Four value pockets emerge:

  • Industry & households — a reliable system supporting growing industrial, residential and construction demand
  • Data centres — flexible capacity feeding the digital economy and data-centre infrastructure
  • Regional trade — Central Asia's most important structural shift: regional electricity trade integration
  • Grid modernisation — the critical bottleneck and the largest opportunity: transmission, distribution, storage and smart infrastructure

1. From scarcity management to modernisation

Electricity generation has expanded roughly 47 percent in nine years, driven by household, industrial, construction, services and digital-economy demand. 2024–2025 was the inflection point in new capacity:

YearNew capacityComposition
20242,787.9 MW1,000 MW solar · 800 MW wind · 965.2 MW thermal · 22.7 MW hydro
20254,647 MW42 projects (solar, wind, storage, thermal, cogeneration)

From around 59 TWh in 2016 the system rose to 81.5 TWh in 2024 and 86.7 TWh in 2025. The 2025 step — 4.6 GW added in a single year, more than the entire 2024 build — signals that the cycle is no longer about capacity scarcity. It is about which kind of capacity, where, and how it integrates with the grid.

2. Renewables become a structural component

Solar and wind generation has multiplied more than twenty-fold in three years: from 434 million kWh in 2022 to 10.5 billion kWh in 2025. The system moved from pilot scale to system scale in just three years.

YearSolar + wind generationPhase
2022434 million kWhPilot projects
2023576.9 million kWhFirst large plants come online
20244.86 billion kWhStep to system scale
202510.5+ billion kWhStructural system component

Total green generation including hydro reached 16.8 TWh in 2025, up roughly 29 percent on 2024. The 2026 target of 23 TWh implies green output making up roughly one-third of total system generation — a meaningful pivot for the load curve, the storage business case, and grid balancing requirements.

3. Gas savings and emissions — the central economic argument

The energy transition narrative is not just environmental policy in Uzbekistan; it is energy security and macroeconomics. Every cubic metre of gas saved by renewable generation strengthens domestic supply resilience, can be redirected to higher-value industrial use, or generates fiscal and export value.

Indicator202420252026 target
Gas savings1.47 bn m³3.2 bn m³~7.0 bn m³
Avoided emissions2.04 Mt CO₂4.7 Mt CO₂~11 Mt CO₂

Renewable projects are no longer aligned with climate policy alone; they are aligned with the country's economic strategy. The 2026 trajectory implies roughly 4.8× the 2024 gas-saving rate over two years — a major signal for both the upstream gas budget and the renewable IPP pipeline.

4. Grid modernisation — the decisive bottleneck and the largest opportunity

Generation alone does not secure the transition. The system must be able to transmit, distribute and balance. The World Bank notes that T&D losses remain high and a meaningful share of infrastructure has aged past its useful life.

In 2024 alone:

  • ~29,500 km of distribution network was rehabilitated
  • 10,200+ transformer points were modernised
  • ~2,900 km of new line was built and 649 new transformer points added

The grid modernisation theme — physical assets plus digitalisation, private participation in distribution, system flexibility — is now the dominant investment narrative for the next years. For developers and lenders, the opportunity is not just connecting new generation; it is rebuilding the system that carries it.

5. Storage — the new pillar of the market

As solar and wind penetration rises, battery energy storage (BESS) becomes mandatory, not optional. The next phase is no longer about generation alone — it requires dispatchable flexibility.

YearStorage commissionedDetail
2024300 MW2 systems — Fergana + Andijan
20251,245 MW10 systems — more than 4× growth in one year

The strategic implication is broader than batteries: HV networks and substations, smart dispatch and demand response, and efficient gas peakers all play roles in the next phase of system flexibility. Each represents a distinct investment vertical for international developers and finance partners.

Performance dashboard 2024–2026

Indicator202420252026 outlook
Total electricity generation81.5 TWh86.7 TWh90 TWh
Solar + wind4.86 TWh10.6 TWh12 TWh
Green generation (incl. hydro)~13.0 TWh16.8 TWh23.0 TWh
Gas savings1.47 bn m³3.2 bn m³~7 bn m³
Avoided emissions2.04 Mt4.7 Mt~11 Mt
Storage commissioned (cumulative)300 MW1,245 MW1,400 MW

Note: there is a small source discrepancy in 2024 green generation; values are reported as in the original.

What this means for international participants

The Uzbek power market is expanding and growing more complex. The opportunity now reaches beyond utility-scale generation. For international developers, financiers and technology providers, the central message is straightforward: standalone capacity additions are not where the next value wave lives — system-strengthening projects are.

Six adjacent fields emerge as the highest-value access points: transmission and distribution modernisation (grid renewal and loss reduction), storage systems (BESS expansion), energy efficiency (industrial and building), distributed solar and smart metering (prosumer economy), industrial decarbonisation and carbon markets, and regional electricity trade (Central Asia integration).

The bottom line. The capacity era is closing. The system-transformation era is opening. Generation growth of 47 percent over nine years, renewable expansion of 20× in three years, and storage scaling 4× in one year together signal a market that has solved the volume question and is now turning to the structural one. For sector watchers and capital allocators, value now flows to grid modernisation, dispatchable flexibility and regional trade integration — not to new megawatts.

Sources: Uzbekistan Energy Ministry; World Bank · Editorial briefing 1 June 2026.

WEEKLY INSIGHT #1 · TARIFF & REGULATION 31 May 2026 · 8 min read · Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan's June 2026 Tariff Reset — Subsidies Down 65%, Industry Up 10%

Cabinet of Ministers Decision No. 243, signed 15 May 2026 and effective 1 June, completes the third leg of the three-year retail tariff normalisation. Residential and industrial rates rise 8–12 percent, gas climbs 10–11 percent, and the annual residential subsidy bill falls from $674M to $236M — a 65 percent compression since 2023.

For sector watchers, the decision matters less for the percentage changes than for what they confirm: Uzbekistan is on schedule to exit blanket residential subsidies by the end of the decade, the cross-subsidy structure between industrial and household consumers has been retained, and the active-energy unit price — the building block that flows into distribution-company revenue caps — is now anchored at $45.4/MWh on a long-term descent toward $32.5/MWh by 2055.

What changed on 1 June

Residential — tiered structure preserved

Tier (consumption)Share of householdsOld (UZS/kWh)New (UZS/kWh)Change
0 – 200 kWh78%600650+8.3%
201 – 500 kWh15%800900+12.5%
501 – 1,000 kWh5%1,0001,100+10.0%
1,001 – 5,000 kWh1.8%1,5001,500unchanged
5,001 – 10,000 kWh0.2%1,7501,750unchanged
> 10,000 kWh<0.1%2,0002,000unchanged

At the FX rate of 12,200 UZS/USD, the entry tier moves from $49.2 to $53.3/MWh, the second tier from $65.6 to $73.8/MWh. The top three tiers are frozen — a signal that the government considers the upper bracket already at full cost-recovery level. Since 2023, residential rates have risen between 120 percent (entry tier) and 578 percent (top tier).

Industrial & commercial — single +10% across the board

Groups I (large industry, >750 kVA + budgetary), II (other legal entities — commercial, SMEs, services), and IV (thermal/heating uses) all move from 1,000 to 1,100 UZS/kWh (≈ $90.2/MWh). The uniform treatment is intentional: by aligning industrial, commercial, and heating customers at one tariff level, the Cabinet retains the cross-subsidy that funds the lowest residential band without distorting between productive sectors.

Natural gas — supply parallel

CustomerOld (UZS/m³)New (UZS/m³)Change
General (industry / commercial / other)1,8002,000+11.1%
CNG filling stations2,5002,750+10.0%
Residential (averaged across tiers)1,0001,100+10.0%

Gas rates do not directly affect electricity distribution operations, but feed back through fuel cost: gas-fired generation will still account for roughly 55 percent of the 2026 generation mix (≈85 TWh national output), so the +11 percent industrial gas increase will eventually pass through to active-energy unit pricing in subsequent regulatory periods.

Targeted welfare — up, not flat

  • Electricity assistance per family per month: 30,000 → 37,500 UZS (+25%)
  • Gas assistance, winter (Nov–Feb) per family: 200,000 → 225,000 UZS (+12.5%)
  • Gas assistance, off-season (Mar–Oct) per family: 120,000 → 135,000 UZS (+12.5%)

Why this matters — the subsidy compression story

The numerical story is the residential subsidy bill, not the headline percentages. Over three years:

YearGeneration cost (UZS/kWh)Residential active-energy tariffUnit subsidyNational annual subsidy
2023459101+358$674M
2024481316+165$324M
2025525400+125$256M
2026554443+111$236M

Three observations. First, the cost side is climbing 6–9 percent annually (459 → 554 UZS/kWh, +21% over three years), driven by fuel prices and capacity additions. So the tariff increases are not pure margin transfer — a sizable fraction is absorbed by generation cost catch-up. Second, the subsidy structure remains concentrated on the lowest-volume residential band; only the 0–200 kWh tier consumes electricity below the 554 UZS/kWh production cost, with the state covering the −175 UZS/kWh gap. Every higher tier and every industrial customer pays above cost. Third, the 65 percent subsidy compression from 2023 to 2026 is what regional comparators most look for — Kazakhstan's 2024–2025 cycle and Pakistan's Discos privatisation track follow comparable logic but at slower paces.

The active-energy anchor

The 2026 active-energy unit price — $45.4/MWh — is the long-term anchor for distribution-company economics. Drawn from the published generation mix (2025: 55% gas, 21% coal, 11% hydro, 11% solar, 2% wind), it is the price at which distribution operators (DSOs) purchase loss energy.

YearOutput (TWh)Renewables shareActive energy ($/MWh)
20268529%$45.4
203010850%$41.3
204016566%$38.6
205527590%$32.5

By 2055, gas is projected to fall from 55 to 5 percent of generation; coal from 21 to 5 percent; solar from 11 to 45 percent; wind from 2 to 30 percent. The compounded effect is roughly a 28 percent decline in active-energy unit price over three decades — achievable only if the renewables investment pipeline (ACWA Power, Masdar, EBRD-funded projects) delivers on its 2026–2030 build schedule.

Implications

For lenders and investors. The June 1 decision continues to validate Uzbekistan's tariff reform commitments to multilateral lenders. EBRD, ADB, IFC, and World Bank energy-sector lending have all been conditioned on the subsidy taper. With 2026's level at $236M (down from $674M in 2023), the next regulatory milestone — exit from the residential 0–200 kWh subsidy — is no longer a distant promise but a question of timing within the 2028–2030 window.

For industrial customers. The +10 percent move puts large industry at $90.2/MWh — competitive against Central Asian peers but materially above the long-run active-energy floor of $45.4/MWh. The headline cost is paying for two things at once: the active-energy block plus the cross-subsidy contribution that funds the residential 0–200 band.

For distribution operators. Distribution and transmission components remain unchanged in absolute UZS terms. The structural change is on the active-energy side: loss energy purchased at $45.4/MWh becomes the new monthly cash-outflow benchmark. Operators with high technical losses will feel the squeeze first; loss-reduction capex now has a clearer payback case.

For consumers. The lowest tier (78 percent of households) sees a manageable 8.3 percent increase, partly offset by the 25 percent rise in direct support payments. Mid-tier households (201–500 kWh) face the steepest move at 12.5 percent.

Outlook

Three things to watch in the next 6–12 months. Indexation rules for the active-energy price — whether the $45.4/MWh anchor moves with FX, with a basket index, or stays nominal. Subsidy exit pathway for the 0–200 kWh band — the trajectory implies a target somewhere in 2028–2030 for full cost-recovery in the entry tier, but no formal calendar has been published. Industrial group disaggregation — whether Group I eventually separates from Groups II and IV; combining them simplified the 2026 reset but limits the regulator's ability to manage demand response across distinct customer classes.

The bottom line. Uzbekistan's June 2026 tariff reset is less a price change than a continuity signal: the three-year subsidy taper is on schedule, the cross-subsidy architecture is intact, and the active-energy unit price is anchored on a long-term descending curve. For sector watchers, this clarifies the regulatory direction; for operators and investors, it stabilises the model inputs through the next regulatory cycle.

Sources: Cabinet of Ministers Decision No. 243 (15 May 2026, effective 1 June 2026); national generation roadmap 2026–2055. Tariff figures at FX 12,200 UZS/USD.

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Energy Markets & Regulation: An Essential Reading List

The books, articles and institutional publications that built the field.

Energy markets across much of the world are changing shape. Private concessions are entering electricity distribution, tariff reform is under way, and the institutions of market regulation are being built or rebuilt. The professionals who design, regulate and operate these markets face questions that others confronted over the past four decades: how to set network tariffs, how to structure wholesale competition, how to protect consumers while attracting investment. The literature below records what those markets learned. It covers electricity and natural gas, and ranges from foundational theory to publications that appear every year.

1. Foundations of utility regulation

Alfred E. Kahn, The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions (1970-1971). The standard reference on the economics of regulated industries. Kahn establishes that regulated prices should track marginal cost, and works through what that means for electricity, gas and transport. He later led the deregulation of US airlines, which gives the book unusual practical authority.

Harvey Averch & Leland L. Johnson, 'Behavior of the Firm Under Regulatory Constraint' (1962). A short article with lasting consequences. A firm regulated on a rate-of-return basis has an incentive to over-invest in capital, because a larger asset base raises its allowed profit. This Averch-Johnson effect is why regulators worldwide moved toward incentive-based regimes.

Stephen C. Littlechild, Regulation of British Telecommunications' Profitability (1983). The report that invented RPI-X price-cap regulation. Adopted by the British energy regulator and then worldwide, it is the ancestor of every revenue-cap and price-cap regime, including those in Türkiye and Central Asia.

David M. Newbery, Privatization, Restructuring, and Regulation of Network Utilities (2000). A synthesis of British and international experience in privatising electricity, gas, telecoms and water. Particularly strong on what happens when reforms are sequenced badly.

2. Electricity markets: the core bookshelf

Schweppe, Caramanis, Tabors & Bohn, Spot Pricing of Electricity (1988). The theoretical origin of modern wholesale markets. Locational marginal pricing, now used across US markets, grew directly from this book.

Paul L. Joskow & Richard Schmalensee, Markets for Power (1983). Written a decade before any country liberalised its power sector, it set the analytical framework for competition in generation and regulation of networks. Much of what it predicted came to pass.

Sally Hunt, Making Competition Work in Electricity (2002). The most readable account of market design ever written. Four models of sector organisation, from vertically integrated monopoly to full retail competition. The best starting point for executives and policymakers.

Steven Stoft, Power System Economics (2002). Forty-four short chapters bridging engineering and economics: marginal-cost pricing, fixed-cost recovery, market power, capacity markets and classic design fallacies. The most cited textbook in the field.

Daniel S. Kirschen & Goran Strbac, Fundamentals of Power System Economics (2004; 2nd ed. 2018). The standard graduate textbook for engineers entering the market side. The second edition adds renewables and storage; shorter and more accessible than Stoft.

Darryl R. Biggar & Mohammad Reza Hesamzadeh, The Economics of Electricity Markets (2014). A rigorous, unified treatment from first principles to nodal pricing, transmission rights and market power. For readers who want mathematical depth after Hunt or Kirschen & Strbac.

Glachant, Joskow & Pollitt (eds.), Handbook on Electricity Markets (2021). Twenty-two chapters by leading experts: wholesale and retail markets, renewable integration, electrification, distributed generation and storage. The most current comprehensive reference.

Gretchen Bakke, The Grid (2016). A cultural and historical account of the grid for general readers. Useful for communications teams and for explaining to non-specialists why the grid is hard to change.

3. Articles that changed the field

William W. Hogan, 'Contract Networks for Electric Power Transmission' (1992). Made locational pricing workable by inventing financial transmission rights. Every US wholesale market design rests on this paper.

Paul L. Joskow, 'Lessons Learned from Electricity Market Liberalization' (2008). The best single summary of what worked and what failed in the first two decades of reform. If you read only one academic article, this is the one.

Severin Borenstein & James Bushnell, 'The US Electricity Industry After 20 Years of Restructuring' (2015). A clear-eyed assessment: where competition delivered savings, where it did not, and why retail competition disappointed.

Peter Cramton, 'Electricity Market Design' (2017). A concise synthesis of how energy, capacity and ancillary-services markets fit together, by a leading auction designer.

Lion Hirth, 'The Market Value of Variable Renewables' (2013). Why the market value of wind and solar falls as their share grows. Essential for designing support schemes or forecasting prices in high-renewable systems.

4. Natural gas

Daniel Yergin, The Prize (1991). The Pulitzer-winning history of oil and petro-politics. Two sequels extend the story: The Quest (2011) on gas, electricity and renewables, and The New Map (2020) on shale, LNG trade and the new geopolitics of energy, including Central Asia.

Jonathan Stern, The Future of Russian Gas and Gazprom (2005). The reference work on Russian gas supply and its relationship with importing countries — essential background for the wider Eurasian region.

Jonathan Stern (ed.), The Pricing of Internationally Traded Gas (2012). The definitive treatment of how gas prices form worldwide: oil indexation, hub pricing and the transition between them.

Vaclav Smil, Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21st Century (2015). A systematic survey from geology and extraction to transport, use and trade — the whole industry in three hundred data-dense pages.

OIES Gas Programme papers (2003 to present). The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies publishes its gas research free at oxfordenergy.org — the closest thing the industry has to a running seminar, with regular papers on European, Russian and Central Asian gas.

5. Institutional publications to follow every year

IEA, World Energy Outlook (annual). The flagship of the International Energy Agency and the most widely used set of long-term scenarios. Investment committees, lenders and regulators all reference it.

ACER & CEER, Market Monitoring Report (annual). The EU regulators' joint country-by-country monitoring of electricity and gas markets — the largest sustained cross-country comparison of energy market performance anywhere.

CEER, Report on Regulatory Frameworks for European Energy Networks (annual). Compares how European regulators set the allowed rate of return, the regulatory asset base and depreciation. For anyone working on network tariffs, the benchmark library.

World Bank, Rethinking Power Sector Reform in the Developing World (2020). The most comprehensive evaluation of forty years of reform outside the rich world. Its finding — that formal frameworks often run far ahead of regulatory practice — is directly relevant to every reforming country.

World Bank & ESMAP, RISE: Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy. A scorecard rating the energy policy and regulatory frameworks of 140 countries, including Uzbekistan, with direct comparison across countries and over time.

ERRA publications and tariff database. The Energy Regulators Regional Association brings together regulators from Central Europe, Eurasia and beyond — among the few comparative resources focused on the region between the EU and East Asia.

Where to start

A practical order for a professional new to the field: begin with Hunt for orientation, then Kirschen & Strbac for the technical foundations. Read Joskow (2008) for what reform experience has shown, and keep the Glachant–Joskow–Pollitt Handbook as the reference for current questions. On gas, read The New Map for the geopolitical picture and Stern (2012) for pricing. Then follow the annual institutional publications, because the field moves with them. For any market in transition the relevance is direct: every step being taken has been taken before, somewhere — and working through this list is considerably cheaper than repeating the experiments.

Abbreviations

AbbreviationFull name
ACEREuropean Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
CEERCouncil of European Energy Regulators
DSODistribution System Operator
ERRAEnergy Regulators Regional Association
EUEuropean Union
IEAInternational Energy Agency
LNGLiquefied Natural Gas
OIESOxford Institute for Energy Studies
RABRegulatory Asset Base
RISERegulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy
RPIRetail Price Index
TSOTransmission System Operator

Bibliography

Averch, H. and Johnson, L. L. (1962), 'Behavior of the Firm Under Regulatory Constraint', American Economic Review, 52(5), pp. 1052-1069.

Bakke, G. (2016), The Grid: The Fraying Wires Between Americans and Our Energy Future, Bloomsbury, New York.

Biggar, D. R. and Hesamzadeh, M. R. (2014), The Economics of Electricity Markets, Wiley-IEEE Press, Chichester.

Borenstein, S. and Bushnell, J. (2015), 'The US Electricity Industry After 20 Years of Restructuring', Annual Review of Economics, 7, pp. 437-463.

Council of European Energy Regulators (annual), Report on Regulatory Frameworks for European Energy Networks, CEER, Brussels.

Cramton, P. (2017), 'Electricity Market Design', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(4), pp. 589-612.

European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators and Council of European Energy Regulators (annual), Market Monitoring Report, ACER and CEER, Ljubljana and Brussels.

Foster, V. and Rana, A. (2020), Rethinking Power Sector Reform in the Developing World, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Glachant, J.-M., Joskow, P. L. and Pollitt, M. G. (eds.) (2021), Handbook on Electricity Markets, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Hirth, L. (2013), 'The Market Value of Variable Renewables', Energy Economics, 38, pp. 218-236.

Hogan, W. W. (1992), 'Contract Networks for Electric Power Transmission', Journal of Regulatory Economics, 4(3), pp. 211-242.

Hunt, S. (2002), Making Competition Work in Electricity, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

International Energy Agency (annual), World Energy Outlook, IEA, Paris.

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Joskow, P. L. and Schmalensee, R. (1983), Markets for Power: An Analysis of Electric Utility Deregulation, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Kahn, A. E. (1988), The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (first published 1970-1971).

Kirschen, D. S. and Strbac, G. (2018), Fundamentals of Power System Economics, 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

Littlechild, S. C. (1983), Regulation of British Telecommunications' Profitability, Department of Industry, London.

Newbery, D. M. (2000), Privatization, Restructuring, and Regulation of Network Utilities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Schweppe, F. C., Caramanis, M. C., Tabors, R. D. and Bohn, R. E. (1988), Spot Pricing of Electricity, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

Smil, V. (2015), Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21st Century, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

Stern, J. P. (2005), The Future of Russian Gas and Gazprom, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Stern, J. P. (ed.) (2012), The Pricing of Internationally Traded Gas, Oxford University Press and OIES, Oxford.

Stoft, S. (2002), Power System Economics: Designing Markets for Electricity, IEEE Press and Wiley-Interscience, New York.

World Bank and ESMAP (2022), Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) 2022: Building Resilience, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Yergin, D. (1991), The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power, Simon and Schuster, New York.

Yergin, D. (2011), The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World, Penguin Press, New York.

Yergin, D. (2020), The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations, Penguin Press, New York.